A. OBLIGATIONS AND NECESSITY
An Obligation is
a course of action that someone is required to take, whether legal or moral.
There are also obligations in
other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette, social obligations, and possibly in terms of politics,
where obligations are
requirements which must be fulfilled. These are generally legal obligations, which can incur a penalty for
non-fulfilment, although certain people are obliged to carry out certain
actions for other reasons as well, whether as a tradition or for social
reasons.
So Obligation is an
Expression in English that is used to express a Liability or something we must
do. And necessity is something we needv to do.
Some expressions commonly used
to express obligations are as follows:
1)
I must try it
again
2)
Do you have to go
now ? yes, I do
3)
I have to keep it
4)
You have to come
on time
Some
examples of sentence necessity:
1)
I need to buy a cake for my birthday party
2)
Sunscreen is an absolute necessity for the beach
3)
Those shoes should be repaired.
From
the above example we can compare the sentence of obligations and necessity. For
obligation is usually followed by the word must, have to / has to ...
(present), had to / has to ... (past tense). As for necessity use necessary
words, need to, should, etc.
Note:
"The
word" must "has a very strong meaning. The use of the word
"must" has a meaning more inclined to a necessity that has become a
duty to do. "
Some
formulas for expression of obligations and necessity
a.
Positive Obligations
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1. S +must+verb
Example: I must save my money.
2. S+have/has to+verb
Examples:You have to come
on time.
He has to meet the
manager at 7 a.m.
3. S+need to+verb
Examples: I need to visit
the landslide victims
He needs to look at the map.
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b. Negative Obligation.
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S+must
not+ verb
Example:
You must not smoke here.
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c. No Obligation
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1 S+don’t have+verb
Example: You don’t have to go to school because it’s a holiday.
2. S+don’t need to+verb
Example: You don’t need to do it.
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d. Past Obligation
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1.
S+had to+verb
Example: I had to
take part in the meeting last night.
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B. SUGESTION AND ADVICE
Overview advice and suggestion look the same, but
actually have differences although not so visible. Suggestions are usually
given based on the results of considering short things and can be done by just
thinking at a glance as soon as it happens. However, advice is made by
considering not only what is happening now but also considering the past and the
future. One also will not give advice to others in a hurry.
In addition there are still some
comparison between suggestion and advice are as follows.
1. Advice is used in the meaning
of 'advice'. While Suggestion is used in the sense of 'giving spontaneous ideas / feedback.
2. When giving Advice or general advice based on our experience
and considering past, present and future situations. We should also really
understand deeply about the people whom We counsel.
3. When someone gives Suggestion / advice to others, the other
party has the freedom to follow it or not. This is because Suggestion /
suggestion is just an idea / input. However, when someone gives Advice / advice
to others, it is generally the recipient is expected to follow the advice
because it is generally the person giving the advice. Of course we can still
choose not to follow though this is not as free as Suggestion which we only
interpret as a suggestion.
There are lots of different ways to
give advice in English.
We are going to look at three:
Imperatives
An imperative is a command or an order. To form an
imperative, you use the bare infinitive form of the verb without a subject –
it should be clear to the person you are speaking to that the imperative is
about them.
For example:
- Wear warm clothes when you visit
the UK.
- Don’t be afraid to talk to people.
Using modal verbs
There are three useful words/phrases we
use to give advice. These are called modals.
If you think something is a good idea, you can use the
word: should
If you think something is a bad idea, you can use the
word: shouldn’t
For example:
- You should eat fruit and vegetables every day to stay
healthy.
- You shouldn’t eat too much spicy food.
Why don’t you. .
Another way to give advice is to use
the question form ‘why don’t you…?’ This is a nice way of making a suggestion
– if you are not sure about the advice, you can use this form.
For example:
- Why don’t you take an English course before you go to the
UK?
- Why don’t you give her a
chocholate?
There are
several different structures that you can use when giving advice :
# Should
This is probably the most common of the structures for giving
advice. After should, and its negative - shouldn't - we use the base form of
the infinitive of the verb:
You should wise up
We shouldn’t cheat
It is common to use 'I think' and 'I don’t think' with should:
I think you should put the answers back
She doesn't think they should use them
# Had better
This structure is common in spoken English and it is
usually used in the contracted form. After had better, and its negative - had
better not, we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb
-You'd better return the answers to the lecturer
-You'd better not tell anyone that you found them
# Ought
This is the most formal of the structures used for giving
advice, and so it isn't so common.
After ought, and its negative - ought not (oughtn't), we use the full
infinitive of the verb:
- You ought to contact the police
- You ought not to cheat in exams
# If I were you
This version of the second conditional is often used when
giving advice, especially in spoken English. Note the use of were with I in
the first clause.
In the second clause, we use would - contracted to d - and wouldn’t.
After would and wouldn’t, we use the base form of the infinitive of the verb:
·
If I were
you, I’d give them back to the lecturer
·
If I were
you, I wouldn’t use the answers
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Well here is a way of asking and giving suggestion and
also example:
Asking Suggestions:
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Giving Suggestions:
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-
What do you recommend we do about .....?
- What would you advice us to do?
- Do you have any suggestions?
- What would you do about...?
- What do you think I should do?
- What do you suggest?
- Would you like to.....
- Shall we go....
- Let’s go...
- How about going....
- What about going....
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-
I would recommend that you ....
- My advice would be to ...
- May I suggest that we...
- If I were you, I would....
- I think you should....
- Maybe you should...
- Why don’t you...
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Accepting Suggestions
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Rejecting Suggestions
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-
I agree with that.
- That sounds like a good idea.
- Ok why don’t we do that.
- That’s very interesting
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-
I’m sorry, I can’t agree with that.
- I don’t think that’s good idea
- I don’t think we should do that.
- That’s very interesting, but....
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C. PERSUADING AND CONVINCING
The verbs ‘convince’ and ‘persuade’ are very similar in meaning,
but there is a difference in how we use them. Persuading is expressions to make someone agree to do
something, make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to
do it or by talking to them and making them believe it. the act of influencing
the mind by arguments or reasons offered, with anything that moves the
mind.
• Persuading
Learn some expressions to show
persuasions
- If I were you, I would just stay at home
- I think you ought to....
- You’d better....
- It might be a bad idea if ....
- You should ....
- My advice would be to ....
- I would .... if I were in your position
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• Convincing
Others
Learn some expressions to convince others.
- I assure you, I can do the job well.
- I convince you, I’m the right person to do
the job.
- I believe I am the only person who can
finish this job on time.
- I assure you, we can make it real
- I convince you to do what I say.
- I believe you should decide your own
decision.
- I ensure you to believe me.
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After ‘persuade’ we use the structure
to + infinitive:
· I persuaded them to stay for
another drink.
· He
persuaded her not to take the job.
After ‘convince’ we cannot use a verb
infinitive.
We say ‘convince someone that‘:
She convinced the
police that she was telling the truth.
He convinced her that it
was the right thing to do.
Both of the above sentence would also be correct without ‘that’:
She convinced the
police she was telling the truth.
He convinced her it
was the right thing to do.
Dialogue of Persuading
Mark :
Anthony. What are you doing this evening? How about a movie?
Anthony :
Which one?
Mark :
There’s a good Indonesian movie at 21st theatre.
Anthony :
you know I don’t like Indonesian movies.
Mark :
Oh, Come on. I’ll sure you’ll enjoy this one.
Anthony :
I don’t enjoy Indonesian movies. I can’t follow the conversation fully.
Mark :
So what? We’re not Indonesian. Most of us are not able to follow the
conversation
fully. But there are so many other things you can enjoy.
Anthony :
That’s true.
Mark :
Then why don’t you come?
Anthony :
All right. I’ll be at the theatre at 7. Is that OK?
Mark :
Fine. See you at 7.
Anthony :
See you.
D. PROCEDURAL TEXT
There
are three common definitions of procedure text: (1) Texts that explain how
something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. How to use
the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax. (2) Texts
that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. Recipes, rules for games,
science experiments, road safety rules. (3) Texts that deal with human
behaviour eg how to live happily, how to succeed.
The purpose procedural text is to
tell the reader how to do or make something. The information is presented in a
logical sequence of events which is broken up into small sequenced steps. These
texts are usually written in the present tense. The most common example of a
procedural text is a recipe.
GENERIC
STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT
As
well as the definition of the above procedure text, generic structure (general
order) procedure text there are also three:
(1) Goal (Purpose or purpose)
In
this section, the author tries to explain what will be made or achieved through
a series of steps that will be explained in the next paragraph so that the
reader does not misunderstand what is being said.
(2) Material Needed (Material / tools /
materials needed)
After
the reader knows something that will be made or achieved, then the author
describes the material or materials that must be prepared or needed so that
something can be achieved well. So make sure all materials or materials are
complete before you start making them.
(3) Methods or Steps (Methods / steps)
If the materials or materials needed
are complete, then the author notify the steps to be done in coherent or sequential.
So in this section the author should explain it in order.
There are three expression of
describing process in procedural text. There are :
1. Beginning (to start our procedural)
The example : The first is ... , To begin
with… , To start with….
2. Continuing (to connect each steps )
There are : next, then, after that, the second is (number
of steps), after this, etc.
3. Ending (to finish the process)
Example
: finally, lastly, to finish … .
How
to Make Ice Cream
Materials:
2 cups milk or cream
2 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon Vanilla extract
Several cups of Ice
1 cup salt
You need these supplies to make ice cream
Tub or large coffee can to hold salt and ice
Glass bowl or small coffee can
Electric mixer or whisk
Ice cream scoop
Storage container for freezer
Steps:
First, setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger
container.
Then, combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in
the glass bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt,
making sure that the salt water does not spill into the bowl.
Next, mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small
container vigorously. The salty ice mixture will cool the mixture down until
it turns into ice cream. It should take about 10 to 15 minutes to stir the
ice cream using either method. Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is
the right consistency.
Last, storage and serving. ice cream is ready.
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E. ADVERTISEMENT
Advertisement
is a text that aims to announce something to appeal to many people and for a
product to be well-known in the general public as a means of communication with
users of a product or service. Ads are paid for by people who send them and are
meant to notify or influence the people who receive messages.
Based
on the type of media used, ads can be classified as follows:
1. Print Ads
Print ads are types of ads that are
published using print media such as newspapers, magazines, tabloids, and so on.
Based on space used in newspaper media, magazines, tabloids, ads known in 2
forms: Classified Ads and Column Ads
2. Advertorial Ads
Advertorial ads are a type of
advertisement that is packaged like news.
3. Display Ads
Viewed from form, display ads are
bigger than column ads. In this ad, larger images and posts are displayed.
4. Electronic advertising
Electronic ads are advertisements
that are published in electronic media. Electronic ads can be classified into:
radio ads, television ads, internet advertising, corporate advertising, public
service ads.
Advertisement
ads have the following language characteristics:
a)
The
choice of words used stands out the information being emphasized
b)
The
choice of words used indicates the target
c)
The
choice of words used is interesting, precise, logical, and polite.
d)
The
choice of words used has suggestions for audiences.
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| EXAMPLE OF SHORT ADVERTISEMENT |
F. MEMO
The
memo is a concise message, the message is written someone with a short, clear,
and easy to understand. According to its use, there is an official nature memos
and personal (not official). Memo is officially adopted as a statement in the
official relationship of a leader to his subordinates. Be used as a personal
memo memorandum or letter is not an official statement among friends,
relatives, or others who have a close relationship.
The characteristics of the form of scrap Form of scrap consists of two parts:
a) Head Memo
b)
Receiver (To :
)
c) Sender
(From : )
d) Subject and date of
sender
e) Initials and name of
the sender
f) Contents, the author
immediately notice the message or command in the short and straightforward
sentences.
Examples of memos on schools
To : Ali Zafran, S.Pd.
From : Muhammad Genta, M.Pd.
Date : June 21st, 2013
Subject : Data of School Budget Plan
In the next three weeks, we will make a special
meeting with the parents. The meeting will discuss the plan management for
the school budget. We must give a correct understanding of the funds in
details. It is a must because the funds come from parents which will be used
for a school construction. I personally hope you can make the data in detail.
Your data is based on the financial report for the last six months
Heao Master
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G. NOTICE
There are several notions of Notice namely;
•
Information that notifies or warns about something that will happen
• A statement telling someone that the agreement, the job, etc.,
will be final
• Attention to a person or something
From
some understanding above it can be concluded that Notice is a notice / warning
in the form of writing / picture / sign to provide information, instructions or
warning to the public. Notice
is made to give instructions and give caution to be careful
Notice /
caution according to its meaning is basically divided into two types:
1.
Notice in the form of
directives or directions.
This notice can be a command line, solicitation, advice,
direction or directions. Can also be a picture / sign / certain sign.
Then the meaning will be identical with can / may, must / have to , should, allowed / permitted / let, suggested /
recommended, asked / hoped: The examples are : Be silent. SLIPPERY ROAD, BE CAREFUL
2.
Prohibited notices.
This notice is a ban sentence, (No, Do not, Never), or in the
form of a picture / sign / sign with a slash or crossing. For
example: Do not be noisy, No parking, never speak up.
⇀Summarized from various sources by i gede juni suartama
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